Critical scholarship Essay Example

Critical scholarship Essay Introduction In recent history, critical scholarship has approached the magnus reus as the source-critical putsch de grace. It proves, in the heads of many, that non merely is the farewell discourse a composite papers, but so is the whole of the Fourth Gospel. This, nevertheless, is a recent phenomenon in the annals of scriptural reading. From the first century to the mid 1800s virtually cipher interpreted it in this manner. C. H. Weisse may hold been one of the first to comprehend it as such in 1856, but he fails to lucubrate. It was, in fact, non until much later that it became common to construe the magnus reus as a literary seam, and even subsequently until this became an maxim of modem reading. Before the morning of the 20th century beginning divisions were driven more by theological motivations than by a perceptual experience of literary seams. German rationalism was the impulsive force for dividing narrative from discourse. The attempt was, for the most portion, to divide the meat of the discourses from the chaff of the narrations, as rationalism rejected the marvelous. But there was no in agreement methodological analysis or consequences. Merely after the Gottingen revolution ( i.e. , the plants of Schwartz and Wellhausen ) did Johannine beginning unfavorable judgment seem to be on a firmer methodological foundation. With the debut of an aporia as grounds of a literary seam, the changeless drum-beat of critical scholarship was that John 14:31d is the proto-typical aporia and that it clearly belongs next to 18:1. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical scholarship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critical scholarship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critical scholarship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Yet, to happen a manner to do these texts neighbours once more has been the thorny issue for scholarship. Throughout the 20th century the solution offered to the instance of the magnus reus has taken four basic signifiers ( with a dizzying array of substitutions ) . In wide classs, the text has been seen as a converse, interpolated, taken, or authored text. In several fluctuations, John 14:31 originally followed on the heels of 18:1. Spitta and Wendt considered it the heterotaxy of an Ur-Gospel, and Bultmann at mid-century, saw a assortment of beginnings, but in general, the best account for the magnus reus was heterotaxy on the evidences of manner. M. Lattke was possibly the last to hold defended this position in 1974. In general, most observers today regard the position as indefensible, because the shamble of the deck seldom leads to general understanding beyond the posteriority of 14:3 1. Many today see 14:31 as grounds of an interpolated text. The inside informations of this proposed insertion are greatly varied. Some believe that it is the work of a foreign manus inserted into the step ining sweep by the revivalist. Others regard the insertion to be one or more discourses written by the revivalist and later added by either a reviser or the writer himself. Others ( like Wellhausen ) considered the add-on to be wholly foreign and held that it must hold been added by a reviser. At any rate, once more the premise is that 14:31 belongs next to 18:1 in the unimproved discourse. Dettwiler s Relecture Theory A speculation that is quickly deriving land on the continent and traveling into North America is Dettwiler s relecture theory. Here the premise is that instead than merely any interpolation or even a 2nd bill of exchange of the farewell discourse, much of the step ining sweep of text between 14:31 vitamin D and 18:1 is really an enlargement and re-application of 13:1-14:31. This reading and enlargement for a new epoch is non an effort to warrant the interpolation but to explicate the consensus already reached. The text is inserted to run into the demands of a ulterior coevals of the Johannine community. Again, the over curving templet is that the magnus reus creates such an crying aporia that it can merely be solved by proposing editing. The consequences of the structural probe leave the exegete with somewhat of a riddle. If the text is an emended mosaic, it has been wonderfully done. The reviser has chosen stuff from disparate contexts ( perchance of the same genre ) and wedded them in such a manner as to bring forth a consistent macro-structure that across the first two units of the text neer leaves the bid construction built-in in exhortative discourse and in the 3rd efficaciously reviews and passages to the high priestly prayer. Furthermore, the reviser may hold incorporated some synoptic traditional stuff ( 15:1-11 ) but has done so in a manner as non to go against the bid construction of the text and at the same time has marked it as the extremum of the text without a viing subdivision besides therefore marked. In this column chef-doeuvre, the reviser has besides efficaciously produced a text that is coherent in non merely organic ties but componential ties as good. In short, the text is wonderfully edited. But herein lays the riddle: this attractively and masterfully edited text has a glaring defect. A defect so crying, so obvious, that it is seized upon by beginning critics as the archetypal illustration that proves the farewell discourse and the Gospel are the consequences of multiple custodies. But, how could this fake pas be the consequence of an editor of such fantastic ability? What compounds the job is that it could hold been so easy solved before it of all time started. All the reviser needed to make was do his interpolation fifth part of a poetry earlier. This is such an easy and reasonable solution to the job that a reasonably skilled editor could hold seen it, but the reviser of the farewell discourse did non. Brodie sums it up nicely in his most recent commentary. He states, In discoursing the perplexing Arise, allow us travel ( 14:31 ) the first thing that needs to be said is that the column hypothesis is non satisfactory. Not that the redacting thought is inherently unattractive ; there is, in fact, an huge credibleness to the general thought of an editor who, given hard stuff, makes the best of it. But this general thought does non suit the instance ; the stuff ( in 14:3 1 ) is non hard. In fact, one could barely conceive of an easier column undertaking than traveling Arise, allow us go†¦ to the terminal of fellow. 17 But any editor who felt free to infix three chapters is improbable to hold had scruples about traveling half a poetry. In fact, it would non been have been necessary to travel Arise and allow us travel If, as is sometimes said, it instantly preceded the history of Jesus traveling out ( 18:1 ) , so, peculiarly since there were no chapter divisions at the clip, all the editor had to make was take the right topographic point for the insertion-in other words before Arise, allow us travel The logic of the column hypothesis leads to the thought that in some unusual manner the editor was both careful and bungling, free and scrupulous. Therefore, it is a hypothesis which lacks internal coherency. This lack of internal coherence is displayed in the literature by the proliferation of theories that attempt, in one manner or another, to put the magnus reus next to 18:1. The truth is, if history can be our usher that the proliferation of theories will go on. Older theories will be tweaked ; and callings will be built upon new and inventive attacks to the farewell discourse. At the bosom of this province of personal businesss is the interaction of three premises. First, that an aporia in the Fourth Gospel is, foremost and first, grounds of a literary seam ; 2nd, that it fits better next to 18:1 ; and therefore, 3rd, the magnus reus is the proto-typical aporia. However, these premises are far from proven. An Aporia Must Indicate A Literary Seam The usage of aporias in the word picture of beginnings has been the trademark of Old Testament higher unfavorable judgment for about two hundred old ages. The contention is that a non-sequitur or a unsmooth passage is by definition grounds of the amalgamation of beginnings by a reviser. This is, of class, a reductionistic ( if non simplistic ) attack that assumes merely one valid reply to a trouble. Yet, this is now so self-evident in higher critical circles that the philosophical underpinning for it is merely assumed as fact. Wellhausen neer explained why an aporia must be a literary seam. In fact, it is non until Otto Eissfeldt that Pentateuchal unfavorable judgment s standards of separation are clearly delineated. Schwartz, who coined the term aporia in relation to the Gospel of John, neer defends its usage ( or even defines its significance ) in the now-famous series of articles. Bacon besides made this premise when he remarked that the indicants point to what a geologist might name a fault in he literary strata, and, as the critic good knows, it is these faults which reveal the literary history of a papers ( accent added ) . Therefore, by 1894, Bacon sees no demand to support the deduction of a literary mistake, but merely cites its self-evident standing among critics. All this is to state that the current reading of aporias as, by and big, bespeaking literary seams is an old premise that is non, and has neer been, a proved rule but an premise. That is non to state that at that place have non been efforts to make so in the literature. One brief effort at demoing verifiable standards for beginning separation is the monograph by David M. Carr. Carr s treatment is, in many ways, a breath of fresh air from source-critical circles. He is careful and cautious in his claims and clearly recognizes the troubles in defining between a seam caused by a reviser or by an writer. Carr attempts to demo recoverable beginnings from ancient plants like the Diatesseron, the Gilgamesh heroic poem, comparings in Jeremiah from the LXX and the Masoretic Text, et Al. Carr makes the instance that repeat is a cardinal signal in beginning separation. However, he does non do a conclusive statement for know aparting between a redactional component and an auctorial device. For illustration, he cites the usage of resumptive repetition as grounds of a literary seam. However, he readily acknowledges that To be certain, writers can themselves utilize such resumptive repeat to restart the train of idea after their ain digression Carr concludes that terminological and ideological indexs must besides be present. However, even in his treatment of these devices he concludes that there is ever the opportunity the writer consciously altered the nomenclature to hold a certain consequence However, it is dubious that a certain Reconstruction of the examples like the Diatesseron could be executed without anterior cognition of the beginnings. So so, while the illustrations of emended texts that are produced may demo certain traits, these traits are non sole to redact ed texts. Another job is the nature of the redacted texts. The Diatesseron was an wholly new genre of literature: the Gospel harmoniousness. It is an improper measure to compare its redaction to the type proposed for the Pentateuch ( or the Fourth Gospel ) . In the same vena, some of Carr s Old Testament examples sum to text-critical enquiries instead than the weaving of beginnings to bring forth a new text. The lone similar illustration could be the Gilgamesh heroic poem, but it excessively has its jobs. In other words, the illustrations so far cited by Carr do non look to be comparings of similar redactional procedures. But, even so, there remains no lingual point that needfully points to a literary seam that could non hold been produced by an writer. An aporia, so, as grounds of a literary seam is still an premise. A revealing indictment of this premise comes instead unwittingly from an improbable beginning: the antecedently cited work by Otto Eissfeldt. He states, Alternatively of these [ traditional ] divisions, we must at any rate for the older content of Gen. to Josh. , and likely besides for that from Judg. to Sam. and into Kings, think in footings of strata. Merely so can we acquire a image of the literary beginnings which were used in their undertaking by the compilers or more properly revisers of the older basic stuff †¦ So, so, the separation of beginnings is impossible unless one begins with the premise of strata. Then, upon this premise, literary beds are delineated instead than clear, undeniable grounds that can merely be explained in footings of strata. Eissfeldt s observation is stating in that without the premise, the grounds does non oblige one to presume literary strata. It sounds really much like a theory in hunt of back uping grounds. But does the grounds support it? Many would reply negatively. In fact, among Pentateuchal beginning critics the now-traditional JEDP theory still holds sway to a grade, but today, due to the assortment and deepness of the statements against it, it must be smartly defended. Wenham characterizes the temper of scholarship as looking for a fresh and converting paradigm. Therefore Johannine beginning critics who defend the usage of an aporia as grounds of a literary seam on the footing of success in Pentateuchal unfavorable judgment do so at the hazard of being out of measure with the current province of the job. So, so, what does a Johannine aporia prove? In fact, small or nil solid. Carson notes that in utilizing Ross s graduated table of grounds ( conclusive, persuasive, implicative, impersonal, and irrelevant ) , aporias constitute no more than impersonal grounds. Carson goes on to propose that aporias should non be seen as cut-and-dry grounds for a literary seam for two grounds. First, an aporia may merely be an accident. He refrains from placing an inadvertent aporia in the Fourth Gospel. However, his point is that they are non unnatural phenomena, but built-in in composing. Most authors have, in fact, produced many of them without the benefit of faulting a 3rd party. Thus, an aporia is every bit likely created by an writer as an editor. In fact, the instance could be made that it is less likely in the instance of an editor who would be looking really carefully at the text. The following footing for cautiousness is that an aporia may be generated by some factor other than the gawky interpolation of a beginning. This 2nd ground for avoiding the designation of an aporia as a literary seam is likely the most weighty. The literary seam is merely one option for placing the ground for an aporia. There may, in fact, be many plausible grounds for an aporia. Sometimes the designation of an aporia is merely exaggerated. Is a poetic beginning to the Gospel so unlikely that the prologue could non be original? Do the enumeration of marks and their expiration needfully bespeak a literary seam? At 7:3-5 does the demand of Jesus brothers that he travel to Judea to execute marks truly indicate a trouble? True, he had already been in Jerusalem and performed marks ( see, e.g. , 5:1-9 ) , but should we truly name this an aporia when any figure of accounts can be offered ( including the writer s purpose to demo that Jesus brothers did non follow his motions and made the n atural adequate premise that the Messiah should make marks in Jerusalem ) ? These and many other alleged aporias do non look excessively implicative of a existent job, much less a literary seam. The step of turbulency or clumsiness appears to be modem western criterions. Could it be that merely these modem esthesias perceive the above-named aporias? One must state that if the Gospel is edited, the editor ( s ) of the Gospel saw no sufficient ground to presume that the text was dreadfully inconsistent. If he or they did non believe so, why are we at strivings to presume that an original author would hold operated under different premises? Would they non both operate under the same literary conventions? Consider Whybray s reaction to a similar phenomenon in Pentateuchal unfavorable judgment. In depicting a defect in the current Documentary Hypotheses of the Pentateuch, he states, If the paperss postulated by the hypothesis possessed some sort of integrity and consistency-and it is this which is held to give them plausibility-then the revisers were the individual who wantonly destroyed that integrity and consistency-and once more, the hypothesis depends on believing that th ey did. But this is simply to bear down the revisers with mistakes of logic and sensitiveness of which the advocates of the Documentary Hypothesis are at such strivings to shrive the writers of the paperss. If the revisers were unconcerned about these things, it is hard to understand on what grounds the advocates of the hypothesis maintain that the writers of the paperss were concerned about them. It seems more logical to reason that ancient Israelite thoughts of consistence were different from those of modern western adult male: that the Israelites were in fact to a big extent indifferent to what we should name incompatibilities. Weisse, Evangeliumfrage, 116. Buttmann, John, 459. Lattke, Einheit im Wort, 131-246. See, e.g. , Fortna, Predecessor, 151. See, e.g. , Barrett, John, 454-55. See, e.g. , Wellhausen, Erweiterungen and Anderungen, 8 and Schnackenburg, John, 3:89-90 Dettwiler, Gegenwart, 51-52. Brodie, John, 437. Note besides Robert Kysar s review of Fortna. He states, It is this inquiry [ gawky redacting ] which most earnestly plagues Fortna s admirable attending to the aporias of the text as the key to the solution of the literary mystifier of the book. How can one believe, on the one manus, that the revivalist was an sharp plenty theologian to feel the failings of his marks Gospel and subtly rectify them and yet, on the other manus, was such an inferior editor that he left glowering defects in the simple readability of his papers? Until that contradiction can be resolved, it seems that the value of the contextual standards will be earnestly impaired ( Robert Kysar, The Fourth Evangelist and His Evangel: An Examination of Contemporary Scholarship [ Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1975 ] , 36 ) . For an English interlingual rendition of the German 3rd edition, see Otto Eissfeldt, The Old Testament: An Introduction, trans. Peter R. Ackroyd ( New York: Harper A ; Row, 1965 ) , 182-88. Bacon, Displacement, 66. David M. Carr, Reading the Fractures of Genesis: Historical and Literary Approachs ( Louisville: Westminster, 1996 ) , 23-40. Carr is to be commended for trying to set the word picture of beginnings on empirical evidences. However, the trouble of such a proposal is shown in that his major grounds for empirical grounds comes from a individual beginning. See Jeffrey H. Tigay, ed. , Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism ( Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985 ) . This has frequently been brought into Johannine beginning separations as good. See Urban C. von Wahlde, The Earliest Version of John s Gospel: Recovering the Gospel of Signs ( Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1989 ) , 27. Carr, Reading the Fractures, 26. Ibid. , 32. See, e.g. , Carr s major work cited in this subdivision, Emanuel Tov, The Literary History of the Book of Jeremiah in Light of its Textual History, in Empirical Models, 211-37. It seems that the type of editing offered by the book of Jeremiah is an extended alteration and non the same originative nuptials that is under consideration for the Pentateuch and Johannine surveies. See Jeffrey H. Tigay, The Development of the Gilgamesh Epic ( Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982 ) . For brief responses californium. W. G. Lambert, reappraisal of The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic, by Jeffrey H. Tigay in Journal of Biblical Literature 104 ( 1985 ) : 115-17 ; but particularly see Joan Goodnick Westenholz, reappraisal of The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic, by Jeffrey H. Tigay in Journal of the American Oriental Society 104 ( 1984 ) : 370-72. Eissfeldt, Old Testament, 135-36. The Documentary Hypothesis as expressed by Wellhausen came under onslaught from its really beginning, but particularly in recent old ages. In Wellhausen s clip the authoritative rebuttals were by William Henry Green and James Orr. See William Henry Green, The Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch ( New York: Scribners, 1895 ; reissue, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978 ) . See besides James On, The Problem of the Old Testament Considered with Reference to Recent Criticism ( New York: Scribners, 1906 ) . In more recent old ages several have expressed terrible unfavorable judgments against the cogency of the hypothesis. See, e.g. , Umberto Cassuto, The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch, trans. Israel Abrahams ( Jerusalem: Magnes, 1941 ; reissue, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961 ) ; Rolf Rendtorff, The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch, trans. John J. Scullion, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 89 ( Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990 ) ; R. N. Whybray, The Making of the Pentateuch: A Methodological Study, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 53 ( Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1987 ) ; R. Norman Whybray, Introduction to the Pentateuch ( Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995 ) , 12-27 ; Gleason L. Archer, Jr. , A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, rpm. and exp. erectile dysfunction. ( Chicago: Moody, 1994 ) . For a recent survey of Pentateuchal beginning unfavorable judgment see Gordon J. Wenham, Chew overing the Pentateuch: The Search for a New Paradigm, in The Face of Old Testament Studies: A Survey of Contemporary Approaches, erectile dysfunction. David W. Baker and Bill T. Arnold ( Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999 ) : 116-44. David M. Carr, Controversy and Convergence in Recent Studies of the Formation of the Pentateuch, Interpretation 23 ( 1997 ) : 22. Wenham, Chew overing the Pentateuch, 119. Cf. R. N. Whybray s statement, despite the huge sum of scholarly work which has been published particularly during the past century refering the writing, day of the month, and history of composing of the Pentateuch, these are fundamentally side issues. The existent involvement for readers of the Bible does non lie here. If it did, the present coevals of readers would see merely defeat. For although it may be true that recent bookmans have succeeded in exposing many of the mistakes of earlier critics, it must be admitted that every bit far as assured consequences are concerned we are no nearer to certainty than when critical survey of the Pentateuch began ( Whybray, Introduction to the Pentateuch, 12 ) . See, e.g. , von Wahlde s justification of his methodological analysis. He does non warrant the usage of an aporia beyond its usage in Pentateuchal unfavorable judgment. He states, The success of Pentateuchal analysis indicates that such standards will supply a solid footing for analysis of the marks besides ( von Wahlde, Earliest Version, 28 ) . J. M. Ross, The Use of Evidence in New Testament Studies, Theology 79 ( 1976 ) : 216-17. D. A. Carson, Current Source Criticism of the Fourth Gospel: Some Methodological Questions, Journal of Biblical Literature 97 ( 1978 ) : 428. Ibid. , 424. The likely event that the elusive 7th mark in John s Gospel is the Temple cleaning of 2:14-17 could make some aporias for those who see an original beginning that has been reordered. For those who see this pericope as a Johannine mark see Beasley-Murray, John, 42 ; Carson, John, 181 ; Dodd, Interpretation, 300-303 ; Ridderbos, John, 121.

Medieval Clothing Styles by Region and Period

Medieval Clothing Styles by Region and Period In Europe,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹medieval clothing varied according to the time frame as well as the region. Here are some societies (and segments of society) whose clothing styles are especially evocative of their cultures. Clothing of Late Antiquity, 3rd- to 7th-Century Europe Traditional Roman garb consisted largely of simple, single pieces of fabric that were carefully wrapped to cover the body. As the Western Roman Empire declined, fashions were influenced by the sturdy, protective garments of Barbarian peoples. The result was a synthesis of trousers and sleeved shirts with cloaks, stolas, and palliums. Medieval clothing would evolve from  late antique garments and styles. Byzantine Fashions, 4th- to 15th-Century Eastern Roman Empire People of the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Byzantine Empire inherited many of the traditions of Rome, but fashion was also influenced by the styles of the East. They abandoned wrapped garments for long-sleeved, flowing tunicas and dalmaticas that often fell to the floor. Thanks to Constantinoples standing as a center of trade, luxurious fabrics like silk and cotton were available to the richer Byzantines. Fashions for the elite changed frequently over the centuries, but the essential elements of costume remained fairly consistent. The extreme luxury of Byzantine fashions served as a counterpoint to most European medieval clothing. Viking Apparel, 8th- to 11th-Century Scandinavia and Britain Scandinavian and Germanic peoples in northern Europe dressed for warmth and utility. Men wore trousers, shirts with tight-fitting sleeves, capes, and hats. They often wore leg wraps around their calves and simple shoes or boots of leather. Women wore layers of tunics: linen under woolen overtunics, sometimes kept in place at the shoulders with decorative brooches. Viking clothing was often decorated with embroidery or braid. Aside from the tunic (which was also worn in Late Antiquity), most Viking garb had little influence on later European medieval clothing. European Peasant Dress, 8th- to 15th-Century Europe and Britain While the fashions of the upper classes were changing with the decade, peasants and laborers wore useful, modest garments that varied little over the centuries. Their outfits revolved around a simple yet versatile tunic - longer for women than for men - and were usually somewhat dull in color. High Medieval Fashion of the Nobility, 12th- to 14th-Century Europe and Britain For most of the early Middle Ages, the clothing worn by men and women of the nobility shared a basic pattern with that worn by the working classes, but was generally made of finer fabric, in bolder and brighter colors, and at times with additional decoration. In the late 12th and 13th century, to this plain style was added a surcoat, probably influenced by the tabard worn by crusading knights over their armor. It wasnt until the mid-14th century that designs really began to change noticeably, becoming more tailored and increasingly elaborate. It is the style of the nobility in the high Middle Ages that most people would recognize as medieval clothing. Italian Renaissance Style, 15th- to 17th-Century Italy Throughout the Middle Ages, but especially in the later Middle Ages, Italian cities such as Venice, Florence, Genoa, and Milan flourished as a result of international commerce. Families grew wealthy trading in spices, rare foods, jewels, furs, precious metals and, of course, cloth. Some of the finest and most sought-after fabrics were produced in Italy, and the extensive disposable income enjoyed by the Italian upper classes was spent lavishly on more and more ostentatious outfits. As costume evolved from medieval clothing to Renaissance fashion, the outfits were captured by artists who painted the portraits of their patrons as had not been done in earlier times. Sources Piponnier, Francoise, and Perrine Mane, Dress in the Middle Ages. Yale University Press, 1997, 167 pp. Kà ¶hler, Carl, A History of Costume. George G. Harrap and Company, Limited, 1928; reprinted by Dover; 464 pp. Norris, Herbert, Medieval Costume and Fashion. J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., London, 1927; reprinted by Dover; 485 pp. Jesch, Judith, Women in the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 1991, 248 pp. Houston, Mary G., Medieval Costume in England and France: The 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries. Adam and Charles Black, London, 1939; reprinted by Dover; 226 pp.

Pick ad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pick ad - Essay Example The imagery in the ad further reinforced this feeling of healthiness, with the Heineken having almost the exact same color as an apple (a traditionally healthy food) and being coated in water, something that is common in exercise imagery, implying that this will keep you hydrated and healthy. Though not being marketed as healthy per se, the ad attempts to connect Heineken to healthy concepts through imagery. This ad is for young, stylish men, and it attempts to connect with them both through positive body image (through the healthy angle) and through the clean, compact lines of the advertisement. There is another beer ad in the magazine, for Budweiser, but it goes more for the social angle, and does not directly compete in ideology. This is a good investment, as it makes Heineken seem like a healthy, young, vibrant drink, something which beer often has trouble doing, so it probably has a corner on the young, style-oriented beer drinking

Seawest Services Association v Copenhaver Case Brief Study

Seawest Services Association v Copenhaver Brief - Case Study Example Residents outside the housing development that received the water services were also required to pay the supply and maintenance fee. The Copenhavers were limited members of the housing development, they purchased a house outside the housing development but received water services from Seawest Services Association. The Copenhavers paid for the water services for eight years since 2001 (Clarkson, Miller & Cross 233). In 2009, they refused to pay any water bills and maintenance bills. Seawest Services Association sued the Copenhavers. The courts found the defendant liable for the charges. The plaintiff, Copenhaver, appealed.Rule In an instance where a party enters into an agreement with another party, the courts have a mandate to decide whether there existed a valid quasi-contract between the parties. Application A quasi-contract is a contract that is implied by the law. There are not actual contracts. The Copenhavers did not have an actual contract with Seawest Services Association. Ho wever, the defendant knew the fact that no residence could be provided with water services without paying supply fee to the Seawater Services Association (Clarkson, Miller & Cross, 233). Consequently, this meant that a quasi-contract between the parties. Conclusion The court ruled that the quasi-contract does not allow for the enrichment of the Copenhavers as a result of unpaid water supply and maintenance charges (Clarkson, Miller & Cross, 233). For this reason, the defendant is found liable for the charges incurred.

Project of Activity for Bathing a Patient Coursework

Project of Activity for Bathing a Patient - Coursework Example The type of bath recommended for a patient also puts into perspective aspects such as the age of the patient and the knowledge of the patient on how to use the bathroom. The paper outlines a planning activity for bathing a patient who is an old woman and who is independent and does not need a hoist to move around or for support. The primary objective for the bathing activity is to ensure that the patient remains clean, fresh, cool and that there is improved blood circulation. Since the patient is independent and can move around, bed bath will not be necessary. In consideration of the patient’s age, a seated shower bath under supervision will be preferable. The objective of the activity will also be aimed at ensuring that the patient is not exposed to any form of risk, the patient’s privacy is observed and that confidentiality is maintained (Jamieson, 2002, p.27). The supervision will be conducted for a period of 2 weeks until there is enough certainty that the patient can proceed to bathe on their own without any further supervision. According to Leino-Kilpi (2005, p.62), bathing for the patient improves their self-esteem and contributes to the well-being of the patient during care. However, care should be taken when during such an activity because there might be some social and cultural barriers that might hinder success. For instance, female patients should always be supervised by female nurses. Studies have shown that in the instance where male nurses supervise female patients of female nurses supervise male patients, there might be a risk of arousal that might cause discomfort and embarrassment either to the nurse or to the patient (Wolgin, 2005, p.82).  

Understanding Gender Based Violence Sociology Essay

Understanding Gender Based Violence Sociology Essay Gender-based violence both reflects and reinforces inequities between men and women and compromises the health, self-respect, safety and sovereignty of its victims. It encompasses an extensive assortment of human rights violations, including sexual exploitation of children, rape, home brutality, sexual battering and harassment, trafficking of women and girls and numerous detrimental customary practices. Any one of these abuses can leave profound mental scars, damage the wellbeing of women and girls in common, including their reproductive and sexual health, and in some instances, results in death. Violence against women has been called the most insidious yet slightest renowned human rights oppression in the globe, and is a demonstration of historically uneven supremacy dealings between men and women, which have led to dominance over and inequity against women by men and to the hindrance of the complete progression of women, that cruelty against women is one of the critical social mech anisms by which women are compelled into a subsidiary position compared with men. Around the world, as many as one in every three women has been beaten, coerced into sex, or maltreated in some other approach most frequently by someone she knows, including by her spouse or another male relatives; one woman in four has been ill-treated during pregnancy. Violence against women mutually violates and impairs or nullifies the gratification by women of their human rights and elementary freedoms. In all societies, to a superior or minor extent, women and girls are subjected to corporal, sexual and mental violence that cuts across ranks of earnings, class and customs. This is a subject which endangers womens lives, bodies, mental uprightness and autonomy. Violence may have reflective effects, both direct and indirect, on a womans reproductive health, including: unnecessary pregnancies and limited admittance to family planning information and contraceptives, treacherous abortion or injuries unremitting throughout a lawful abortion subsequent to an unwanted pregnancy, compl ications from recurrent, high-risk pregnancies and lack of follow-up care, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, continual gynecological problems as well as mental tribulations. Gender-based violence also serves by purpose or outcome to perpetuate male authority and control. It is sustained by a custom of silence and denunciation of the significance of the health penalty of violence. In addition to the impairment they exact on the individual stage, these outcomes also exact a communal duty and position an intense and needless yoke on health services. According to Murphy and Ringheim, four factors have been constantly linked with violent behavior: norms of male privilege and possession of women; male supervision of possessions in the family; male execution of decision-making in the family; and concepts of masculinity attached to supremacy and nobility (2001). Moreover, UNFPA recognizes that violence against women is inextricably linked to gender-based inequalities. When women and girls are anticipated to be generally submissive, their conduct in relation to their health, together with reproductive health, is unenthusiastically affected at all stages of the life cycle. When investigating the extenuating conditions lack of resources, education, healthcare and the sex trade, we find great and competent relations, and understand that these factors enable the perseverance of this phenomenon. The pervasiveness of home violence in a given society, thus, is the outcome of implicit reception by that society. The way men analyze themselves as men, and the way they think of women, will verify whether they use aggression or intimidation against women. Studies of very young boys and girls show that even though boys may have an inferior acceptance for annoyance, and an inclination towards rough-and-tumble play, these tendencies are dwarfed by the magnitude of male socialization and peer demands into masculinity roles. UNFPA recognizes that ending gender-based violence will mean changing cultural concepts about masculinity, and that procedure should dynamically appoint men, whether they are strategy makers, parents, spouses or little boys. Cross-cultural studies of wife abuse have found that nearly a fifth of peasant and small-scale societies are essentially free of family violence. The existence of such cultures proves that male violence against women is not the inevitable result of male biology or sexuality, but more a matter of how society views masculinity. Most domestic violence involves male anger directed against their women partners. This gender difference appears to be rooted in the way boys and men are socialized biological factors do not seem to account for the dramatic differences in behavior in this regard between men and women. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence. Some husbands become more violent during the wifes pregnancy, even kicking or hitting their wives in the belly. These women run twice the risk of miscarriage and four times the risk of having a low birth-weight baby. Looking at the pprevalence of and reasons for domestic violence among women from low socioeconomic communities of Karachi, cross-sectional study were conducted to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence and identify the reasons for it among 400 married women aged 15-45 years in low socioeconomic areas in urban Karachi. Data were collected with a pretested questionnaire. The prevalence of verbal abuse was 97.5% by the husband and 97.0% by the in-laws; the prevalence of physical abuse was 80.0% and 57.5% by the husband and in-laws respectively. Financial issues were the commonest reason for domestic violence followed by infertility and not having a son. The prevalence of domestic violence in this sample of women is high. There is a need to address this problem with efforts from health workers, policy-makers, nongovernmental organizations and others (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 2007). The majority of sexual assault victims are young. Women in positions of abject dependence on male authorities are also particularly subject to unwanted sexual coercion. Rape in time of war is still common. It has been extensively documented in recent civil conflicts, and has been used systematically as an instrument of torture or ethnic domination. Now, with precedents set at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in Tanzania, and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, at The Hague, for mass rape, other acts such as sexual assault, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced sterilization, forced abortion, and forced pregnancy may qualify as crimes of torture, crimes against humanity, and even some as crimes of genocide. This vicious cycle of development, identity and gender-based violence in fact explains the empirical evidence of the association between gender based violence and poverty, the individual risk factors of alcohol and substance abuse, ma le unemployment, male educational status and childhood experience of violence. Poverty, lack of education and lack of healthcare increases both vulnerability and the likelihood of exposure to gender based violence. There has also been the prevalence of the sex trade among women as a means of earning income which ultimately has unbearable the consequences on its workers and on women in general. The objectification of women is also a pressing issue that cannot be ignored. Violence, and womens fear of it, limits womens choices in virtually all spheres of life. It has long-term, as well as short-term consequences on womens physical and emotional well-being. It detrimentally affects womens ability to gain an education, earn a livelihood, develop human relationships and participate in public activities, including development programmes. There are different types of problems all over the world that women face, from the wealthiest countries to the poorest. In many countries, women are not entitled to own property or inherit land. Social exclusion, honor killings, female genital mutilation, trafficking, restricted mobility and early marriage among others, deny the right to health to women and girls and increase illness and death throughout the life-course. It will remain difficult for us to see sustainable progress unless we fix failures in health systems and society so that girls and women enjoy equal access to health information and services, education, em ployment and political positions. Reports by UNICEF, State of the Worlds Children, state that reasons for such disparity include the fact that women are generally underpaid and because they often perform low-status jobs, compared to men. UNICEF notes that the data isnt always perfect, and that generalizations such as the above can hide wider fluctuations. In Brazil, for example, women under the age of 25 earn a higher average hourly wage than their male counterparts. (p.39)Women not only earn less than men but also tend to own fewer assets. Smaller salaries and less control over household income constrain their ability to accumulate capital. Gender biases in property and inheritance laws and in other channels of acquiring assets also leave women and children at greater risk of poverty. Paid employment for women does not automatically lead to better outcomes for children. Factors such as the amount of time women spend working outside the household, the conditions under which they are employed and who controls the income they generate determine how the work undertaken by women in the labor market affects their own well-being and that of children (2007, p.36). Moreover, according to the United Nations, in no country in the world do men come anywhere close to women in the amount of time spent in housework. Furthermore, despite the efforts of feminist movements, women in the core [wealthiest, Western countries] still suffer disproportionately, leading to what sociologists refer to as the feminization of poverty, where two out of every three poor adults are women. The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became Women do two-thirds of the worlds work, receive 10 percent of the worlds income and own 1 percent of the means of production (Robbins 1999, p.354). Historically, economic recessions have placed a disproportionate burden on women. Women are more likely than men to be in vulnerable jobs, to be under-employed or without a job, to lack social protection, and to have limited access to and control over economic and financial resources. Policy responses to the financial crisis must take gender equality perspectives into account to ensure, for example, that women as well as men can benefit from employment creation and investments in social infrastructure. According to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2009, The economic and financial crisis puts a disproportionate burden on women, who are often concentrated in vulnerable employment, are more likely to be unemployed than men, tend to have lower unemployment and social security benefits, and have unequal access to and control over economic and financial resources. International statistics of the International Labor Organization showed that The economic crisis is expected to in crease the number of unemployed women by up to 22 million in 2009, the International Labor Office (ILO) says in its annual Global Employment Trends for Women report (GET), adding that the global jobs crisis is expected to worsen sharply with the deepening of the recession in 2009. In most societies, rape and domestic violence have on occasion provoked public outrage, but it has been left to womens organizations and movements to take more concerted action. The North does not have all the answers to this problem as gender-based violence is very much in existence in the developed world. Because gender-based violence is sustained by silence, womens voices must be heard. UNFPA puts every effort into enabling women to speak out against gender-based violence, and to get help when they are victims of it. The Fund is also committed to keeping gender-based violence in the spotlight as a major health and human rights concern. Another fascinating fact is that gender based violence is rampant in developed counties as compared to the developing countries. For instance, in a place like the U.S, despite the fact that advocacy groups like National Organization for Women (NOW) have worked for two decades to halt the epidemic of gender-based violence and sexual assault, the numb ers are still shocking. Murder, Intimate Partner Violence or Battering, sexual violence and assault are common phenomena. To the astonishment of most women across the globe, there is such a low conviction rate in gender-based violence cases, women are not believed by men and apparently even by fellow women. The judiciary imposes light sentences on such cases and even to some they are released on very modest bail or a mere warning. UNFPA advocates for legislative reform and enforcement of laws for the promotion and the protection of womens rights to reproductive health choices and informed consent, including promotion of womens awareness of laws , regulations and policies that affect their rights and responsibilities in family life. The Fund promotes zero tolerance of all forms of violence against women and works for the eradication of traditional practices that are harmful to womens reproductive and sexual health, such as rituals associated with puberty. Possible victims have been offered legal, medical and psychological support, and medical referrals when necessary. Attention has been paid to involving communities, and to creating support networks for gender-based violence victims that include both police and health-care providers, along with counseling services. UNFPA has also held workshops for health providers on recognizing the effects of gender-based violence on womens health, and on how to detect and prevent abuse and assist victims. These have stressed the need for confidentiality and monitoring. This body has also strengthening advocacy on gender-based violence in all country programmes, in conjunction with other United Nations partners and NGOs as well as advocating for women with parliamentarians and womens national networks. There have been strategies to counter violence against women and support the survivors. Case studies come from times of peace and times of armed conflict. Sections suggest strategies for transforming attitudes and beliefs in different societies that condone such violence, for supporting individual survivors, and to ensure that governments and NGOs fulfill their duty to protect woman. Womens rights around the world are an important indicator to understand global well-being. A major global womens rights treaty was ratified by the majority of the worlds nations a few decades ago. Yet, despite many successes in empowering women, numerous issues still exist in all areas of life, ranging from the cultural, political to the economic. For example, women often work more than men, yet are paid less; gender discrimination affects girls and women throughout their lifetime; and women and girls are often are the ones that suffer the most poverty. Many may think that womens rights are only an issue in countries where religion is law, such as many Muslim countries. Or even worse, some may think this is no longer an issue at all. But reading this report about the United Nations Womens Treaty and how an increasing number of countries are lodging reservations, will show otherwise. Gender equality furthers the cause of child survival and development for all of society, so the importance of womens rights and gender equality should not be underestimated. As part of its work to counter gender-based violence, UNFPA has supported training of medical professionals, to make them more sensitive towards women who may have experienced violence and to meet their health needs. Governments are not living up to their promises under the Womens Convention to protect women from discrimination and violence such as rape and female genital mutilation. There are many governments who have also not ratified the Convention, including the U.S. Many countries that have ratified it do so with many reservations. Gender equality and the well-being of children go hand in hand since it furthers the cause of child survival and development. It produces a double dividend: It benefits both women and children. Womens equal rights and influence in the key decisions that shape their lives and those of children must be enhanced in three distinct arenas: the household, the workplace and the political sphere. Gender equality is not only morally right, it is pivotal to human progress and sustainable development. Furthermore, this will be taking us closer to achieving the Millennium Development Goal Number 3-promoting gender equality and empowering women-will also contribute to achieving all the other goals, from reducing poverty and hunger to saving childrens lives, improving maternal health, ensuring universal education, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Pressure must be maintained on national governments to prioritise the coordination of programmes and policies across sectors such as health, justice, social welfare and education to ensure that the composite needs of survivors of violence are addressed. Of equal importance is scaling up responses that work media campaigns, hotlines, and one-stop crisis centers and so on. Basically, gender based violence limits women as human beings, drains their energy and hope, and constricts the possibilities of creating a new vision of society. Since it includes threats of violence, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private, Violence against women is a violation of womens human rights, a cause and consequence of gender inequality, and a major cause of womens ill health. It is a detriment to their well-being, very often a crime, and a significant cost to the resources of the wider society. As a consequence, there are policy issues across the whole range of subjects that concern governments. These issues are particularly important in the area of crime, health, family, education and economic well-being.

Moving Beyond Motherhood in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins G

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since its original publication in The New England Magazine in May 1892 and its subsequent resurrection by modern feminists in the l970's, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's novella, "The Yellow Wallpaper" has gone through varied interpretations. When it was originally written, "The Yellow Wallpaper" was considered a tale of horror, so horrible in fact, that one editor, Horace Scudder of the Atlantic Monthly, refused the work because he did not want to make others as miserable as he was when he read it. Even as late as 1971, Gilman's work was anthologized under the category of horror (Kennard 75). It was not until the work was rediscovered and republished in 1973 that modern feminist critics recognized the female hero as a victim of society (Kennard 75). However, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is more than a story with a fictional character; it is the story of its creator. Gilman, as well as her heroine, suffered through postpartum depression. She not only had to fight the depression and isolation of being a mother but also the social mores of the time which did not condone career-minded mothers. Society's prime guardians of the status quo in this instance were the medical doctors who found it necessary to treat women who were less than happy in their domestic roles. In her case, the treatment was administered by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell for whom Gilman stated she wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper" (The Living of CPG 121). Gilman recognized that she needed to escape the confinement of the home before she could become a career woman who also happened to be a mother. It was through "The Yellow Wa llpaper" that the transition from homebound mother to career mother began. The feelings she experienced as a new mother were not unlike those of ma... ...Gilman: An Autobiography. New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co. (1935)   Rpt. As The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. New York: Harper & Row, Colophon Books, 1975. ---. "Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper". Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction. Ed. Denise D Knight. New York, Twayne Publishers, 1997. 106-107. Hill, Mary A. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist, 1860-1896. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1980. Kennard, Jean E. "Convention Coverage or How to Read Your Own Life." New Literary History 13 (Autumn 1981): 69-88. Palis, James., et al. "The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria: A Translation of the Original Texts." Integrative Psychiatry 3.3 (1985): 226-228. Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in 19th-Century America," Social Research 39 (Winter 1972): 652-78   

THe Operating budget

It will recognize one to two difficulties a Budget Analyst will have in dealing with the monetary allowance. This paper will suggest two to three techniques the org ought to survey with respect to new activities and plan cuts throughout the following five years. Introduction With roots traversing the distance once more to the sass's, The City of New Orleans is the Largest Metropolitan city in the State of Louisiana. It is a port city, which had a populace of 343, 829 as of the 2010 U. S. Statistics (Bureau, 2012).The mission, objectives and targets of the city are to have more open security, more occupation reaction, more entertainment for the young, and to decrease curse in the city. New Orleans is still in a move stage. Despite the fact that it has been 9 years after Hurricane Strain, one of America's Deadliest Hurricanes, the city is as of now remaking, even now rebuilding regardless really developing. Typhoon Strain influenced the city's monetary wellbeing. The city has a few div isions that they need to help run the city and keep it going easily.In this modifying move, the key arrangement of the city is attempting to keep the city's financial plan streamlined without slicing crucial administrations to the subjects of New Orleans. The Mayor's 2014 Budget was ready utilizing a methodology called Budgeting for Outcomes (BOO). Planning for Outcomes is intended to enhance benefits and improve degree of profitability of open dollars. BOO begins with a set of comes about that matter to nationals and empower imaginative methods for attaining them inside the assets accessible.In accordance with the Mayor's planning standards, BOO accentuates responsibility, development and cooperation. Like execution planning, BOO concentrates on what general society gets, the extent to which it costs and how results will be measured. BOO begins with the results natives need from their City government and attempts to adjust those necessities to the monetary allowance choice making m ethodology. Offices are welcome to submit â€Å"offers† to clarify how they can attain the best comes about that matter to natives for the least cost and what execution measures they will use to exhibit achievement.The Government Finance Officers Association (GOOF) has received this methodology to planning as a â€Å"prescribed best practice. † (Nolan. Gob, 2014) For the 2014 financial plan, The City of New Orleans has assessed aggregate income of 837,516,571 and evaluated aggregate sees of 837,516,571. This figure does exclude the 247. 4 million in capital consumptions. In reference to financing, in the improvement of the 2014 Budget, the City created a multi-year income estimate for the General Fund. The figure considered key components, for example, expected financial development, development standpoint, populace development, and different pointers.Real income sources, for example, deals expense were determined utilizing national and nearby projections of financial action and noteworthy patterns and examples of income accumulation. Sources utilized within creating these projections incorporate national monetary gauges for expansion, and development in true GAP. The City's obligation commitments might be partitioned into two classes: working obligation and general commitment obligation. These classifications are overseen by the Department of Finance and the Board of Liquidation.The obligation incorporates retirement and annuity for city workers, including fire and police laborers. It additionally incorporates a few securities and advances. (Nolan. Gob, 2014) Plan Challenges One significant test will be the Consent Decree ordered by the legislature, for the New Orleans Police Department. A Consent Decree is a request issued by a Judge that communicates a deliberate understanding by the members in a claim. Now and again a suit closes when a Judge issues an assent declaration, or an assent Judgment.This is particularly the situation when the decla ration is issued after one side of the case willfully consents to stop a specific activity without confessing to any illicitness of the activity. For an assertions between two gatherings to be viewed as tying and legitimate, it should additionally be perceived by the court. An assent proclaim for this situation is legal distinguishing of the understanding. The announcement frequently bans one side of the case from specific activities. (weeklies. Com, 2013) The City of New Orleans was included in an assent order with the New Orleans Police Department.The full and supported execution of this Agreement is proposed to secure the protected privileges of all parts of the group, enhance the wellbeing and security of the populace of New Orleans, and expand open certainty in the New Orleans Police Department. With the death of the commanded statue, there will be extra financing required to verify things are done as ordered. Those expenses have not yet been uncovered. Plan Recommendations Thr oughout the following five years two procedures the office ought to survey with respect to new activities would and plan slices would be to go to the natives and figure out what they need, need and longing.As opposed to making arrangements and commitments from the hip, the city ought to captivate with the nationals. The second technique that the City ought to assume is figuring out how to sway its residents to return to the city. A considerable measure of nationals left the city after Hurricane Strain, the popularization was unconquerable. In the event that the city an do a push to recover the subjects that would accumulate more income to the economy.

Economics essays

Economics essays In the beginning there was barter, (1) ...people learning to trade the things they had for the things they wanted. What sparked this form of trading was the fact that our earliest ancestors were self-sufficient. Occasionally there were surpluses of one commodity or another, this is how barter flourished, and the most famous example of barter was in 1626 when Peter Minuit traded twenty-four dollars for the island of Manhattan, which in 1998 was assessed at $23.4 billion. As trade became the norm, money came into use. When buyer and sellers agreed on what was acceptable payment, they then could establish a system that assigned different values to coins or other durable and easily transportable items. As early as 2500 B.C. various precious metals such as gold, sliver, and copper were used to pay for goods and services in Egypt and Asia Minor. Now days, a money cycle has been created in America to take old money out of circulation and replaced on a regular basis. The money cycle is run this way: first the Treasury ships new money to the Federal Reserve Banks, then the Federal Reserve Banks and branches distribute the new money to individual banks in their region, once it arrives there the individual banks distributes the money to their customers, including businesses and individuals. The reverse cycle is as follows: the money circulates through the economy, the money is then deposited into banks after it changes hands many times in many countries, from there the banks separate the worn bills and coins and ship them back to their individual Fed branch or bank, then the Fed banks return the old money to the Treasury to be shredded and burned into mulch. The next topic to be discussed was the Federal Reserve System. Described as, (2)...the guardian of the nations money- banker, regulator, controller, and watchdog all rolled into one. As a regulator the Fed authorizes the buying and sell...

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Workstation – A computer or a dumb terminal that is connected to a network that inputs and outputs data and is often the ending point of a network, but not always. 2. IP Addresses An IP Address is a multi-digit number assigned to each device in a network that uses the internet protocol (IP) to communicate. 3. Switch – A switch is a networking device that connects network devices. A switch is also commonly known as a network bridge that routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. 4. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. The router reads the address of the packet to determine where its final destination. 5. WAN/LAN – LAN is a network that connects computers in a smaller area such as a home. The difference between a LAN and a WAN are that a WAN is when two LAN’s are connected with a LEASED line that connects them. 6. Firewall – Can either be software or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network safe. Its main objective is to control the incoming and outgoing traffic as it analyzes the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not. 7. Server/Proxy Server – operates on layer 7, 6, 3 of the OSI model 8. Star Network – One of the most common network topologies. A star network has one central switch/hub/computer, which sends messages to all the other connected nodes. 9. VPN – A Virtual Private Network is a secure network that can be accessed from anywhere. E.g. LJBC school portal network can be directly accessed from school and then if you enter your school username/password from home on the portal page you can also access it. B) OSI layers: 1. Work Station – N/A 2. IP Address – Layer 3 Network Layer 3. Switch – Layer 2 Data Link Layer 4. Router – Layer 2 Data Link Layer and has access to layer 3 and 4 5. WAN/LAN – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 and WAN also access layer 7 and 6. 6. Firewall – If it’s an application firewall it works on layer 7 and it has access to the network layer (layer 3) 7. Server/Proxy Server – As it can be software, it can work on the application layer (layer 7) and it also works on the transport layer (layer 4) 8. Star Network – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 9. VPN – runs on the application layer (layer 7) and has access to the physical layer 2. 3. A) Possible Future needs DingoMobile: Expanded Servers (Multiple Head/Smaller Offices). Expansions – New Stores/Offices ________________ New Workstations/Peripheral Device ________________ LAN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. Each individual premise would require a network. The LAN network would allow this; we could connect all the workstations and various other devices (including servers for the Head Office). The LAN network is better described in part 2, basically being a physically connected network on each of the individual premises. Through doing this, we would be able to create a physically network that allows for an individual network, and then also allows the LAN network to interact with the other stores through the VPN. Justification – Taking into consideration the fact that most of DingoMobile’s stores will probably want to use more than one workstation, so creating a LAN network on each premise will cater for this, and then allow each of the connected workstations to also access the internet. The LAN will also allow each store to utilize other peripheral devices, such as printers, which I’d assume would be required for some activities on the premises. How LAN fulfils future needs – LAN’s are ‘relatively’ simple to set up, obviously they can utilize a ‘WLAN’ (Wireless LAN), if setup becomes a problem. The LAN will cater for any expansions each individual store/office requires; all that is needed is another cable to connect the workstation/peripheral into the LAN network. This also gives DingoMobile the reassurance that any required expansions to the network are basically a cable connection away. Considerations for the LAN – The LAN aspect of this network solution may not be as effective, if some premises find it difficult to run cables connecting all of their computers/peripherals together. This should be solved however if they can utilize a WLAN instead, however that is only a possible solution if they cannot run wires throughout the premises. ________________ VPN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. They require a connection between each of the stores/head office, allowing networking between each of the stores/head office. The VPN would allow this; we would connect each of the individual LANs to a Cable/DSL Model that would then allow connection to the internet and from that, access to the Dingo Mobile VPN. The VPN network is better described in part 2, basically being a private network utilizing public telecommunications (the internet). Through the VPN, we will be able to connect each of the store’s LANs together, allowing for wider-scale networking for the Dingo MobileCompany. Justification – Taking into consideration that Dingo Mobile desires a connection between the store and the head office, I’ve selected a VPN network to cater for this. The VPN will allow DingoMobile to create a ‘universal’ network, and allowing the potential future stores to be connected also. How VPN fulfils future needs –The VPN utilizes the internet, therefor it isn’t going to restrict the possible expansions that DingoMobile may require (being one of their future needs). If ever Dingo Mobile requires the sending of important data between head office/stores, the VPN will ensure that the data sent is encrypted, catering to the potential need for safety of transferred data. Considerations for the VPN –The VPN should operate fine, and should continue to do so into the future. Since the VPN is created using the internet, so obviously things such as bandwidth, speed etc., may become an issue. Measures however can be taken to speed up the VPN, so it isn’t a vital issue that needs to be worried about. ________________ 3b) Development Process – The existing system, from the information that I have been provided, basically includes no real networking (The information provided doesn’t indicate whether the store/office have actual networks setup individually, so I’m going to assume that they do not). Basically, DingoMobile want a networking solution to connect all of their store(s) and Head Office together, and I’ve explained the majority of this networking solution in the past two parts of this ‘report’. An overview of how the new system would be implemented, replacing the old system 1. If any previous network is set up on the individual premises, I would recommend taking it apart, and starting from scratch to ensure that everything is following the new network solution. 2. Check that every workstation is clean from viruses/non-corrupted and doesn’t have data that the entire future network should have access to. 3. Set up all of the workstations/other required devices in both the store and Head Office. 4. Connect all of the devices in each premises to the router, and each router to the modem (Setting up the LAN). 5. Once both LAN networks have been established, ensure that both are also connected to the internet. 6. Now that all of the LAN networks have been set-up, it would just be a matter of creating the VPN and interconnecting the head-office and all of the stores. 7. Test the VPN to ensure that everything is working, and once this is finished. The network should be ready for use! Also set different privileges for different users, ensuring that not everybody has access to everything within the network. Also, I’m explaining a quick overview of the Business’s expansion; this includes how the network will expand. 1. Once the network has been setup for the Head Office and single store, it will then be in the state to expand upon if required. 2. Whenever a new peripheral device requires to be added into the network, it will be connected through the LAN of the premises that it is situated, then also from that will be connected to the VPN. 3. Whenever a new store is established, a similar LAN network will be created on the premises, and from there all of the software related set-up will take place that allows that LAN network to also access the DingoMobile VPN. 4. Whenever a new Office is established, it will follow the same steps as the store; however a server may also be included into the LAN setup. As you can see, it’s relatively simple for the Business to expand with the current Network Solution I have provided. 3c) Monitoring the Network – To ensure that the employees are utilizing the network for work purposes, and also to monitor what is being sent throughout the network/occurring throughout the network (including potentially malicious activity etc) is a necessity for DingoMobile. Below are some methods that can be used to monitor the network – 1. UserMonitoringSoftware–This will be a vital part of monitoring the network, the users may be inclined to utilize the network for activities that aren’t helping/causing troubles for DingoMobile, so installing software that monitors all of the employees activity (to an extent that doesn’t conflict with personal privacy) would be one way to monitor the network. 2. Users/Groups – It’s recommended that the users/groups of the network is monitored regularly, due to potential ‘hackers’ gaining access into the VPN and assigning their new user all of the permissions, becoming a security problem for your network. 3. FilteringcertainURL/emails – This will allow you to hopefully avoid malicious files/sites being accessed through the network. 4. Enabling Firewalls (Monitoring the Web Access at Firewalls) – This builds onto the filtering URL/certain emails/files that are sent or accessed throughout the network. It allows you to monitor exactly what is being filtered, and keep track of related activity. EvaluatingtheNetworkSystem –Methods must be utilized to also evaluate the health, speed and general performance etc. of the network, these methods will be used to evaluate the network system in periodical intervals, indicating to the business when and where maintenance must occur on the network system. 1. Benchmarking – Certain programs can be used to compare the network against others in terms of performance. This would be a good indication to how DingoMobile’s network compares to other, similar networks. 2. CheckingtheNetworkUsage – There are tools that the administrators can use, such as the ping function, to measure the network usage, and also the Round Trip Time. This can be a good indication to how the network is performing. 3. Reading through related Error Logs – Reading the error logs relevant to the network will enable the reader to detect any issues, big or small, that may be occurring within the network. Checking this periodically will hopefully enable Dingo Mobile to pick up any problems occurring within the network. 4. Testing the Speed of the Network – Sending files from one premise to the other using the VPN aspect of the network can be used to test the speed of the network, and this can then highlight if there is any issues such as packet-loss that are occurring, and hopefully allows DingoMobile to then find and solve these problems.

Classification of Data Collection and Analysis Depending on the Assignment

Classification of Data Collection and Analysis Depending on the Research Methodology Employed - Assignment Example This research is significant because it is based on surveys, experimental and other various research methods. Therefore, the dissertation will utilize this research method in order to determine whether the leadership styles employed by both directors of nursing and social serves have a positive impact in the psychological well- being of nursing home residents. Experiments: The research will collect data through the use of experiments that may involve completing various tests for measuring the leadership abilities. The researcher will then compare and contrast various results obtained from different tests. The aim of the tests is to judge leadership styles employed by both directors or measure their so-called aptitude (Fulton, Lyon, and Goudreau, 2010). However, it will focus on the relations between their performance level and other factors. The researcher may be interested in observing  the way both directors reacts or behaves before or after the intervention programs such as training. This will enable the researcher to compare the leadership styles between the director of nursing and director of social services effectively. Sample surveys: The researcher will gather information from a fairly larger sample group of participants by use of questionnaires, interviews, observation and other techniques. The effective means of carrying out a survey is to sample the population at a time (Thomas, 2003). In this case, the researcher will survey the nursing home residents in order to determine the effective services they receive from both directors. Case studies: This usually involves detailed research analysis on a certain case or group of people (Bernard, 2000). Various data collection methodologies such as interviews, questionnaire, and observation, may be applied in this case. For instance, the researcher may interview both leaders about their personal records of leadership performance. He or she will narrow the results in descriptive data, in the environmental settings; thus challenging the existing theories or approaches of the domains.

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Operations management - Essay Example It would be considered wrong trying to develop a production system of a company, while that very company sources its products from external suppliers (Finch 2004, pp.183-186). Every organization will possess a different production system thanks to its unique traits and capabilities. Besides, the company may use this production mix as a blueprint in order to achieve supernormal profits by enhancing strengths and reducing weaknesses. At this stage, there is the need to distinguish some elements that come with the production system. Identify whether the system is process production or part production. While production systems will entail those items that undergo physical and chemical transformations, the part production system rarely transforms the product. In fact, the part production system is mostly involved with assembly or manufacturing of the product desired by the customer. Nonetheless, both types require a carefully researched production system as the production mix achieved has the same effect on the performance of the company. Now, considering that services present a very different respect on matters of production. The production system developed will thus be investigated on the lengths of service process matrix. This matrix tries to strike a balance between the degrees of labor intensity compared to the degree of labor customization. Analyses of all this respects will help establish a mix on which strategies for the organization will be made. The rising need for companies to establish a production mix that yields a competitive advantage has led to the vast studies on matters of operations management for both service and manufacturing sectors. More than before the area has received much attention due to the vital need for growth among various companies. This paper will seek to review a service production system whose strict observance is set to